\( \newcommand{\bx}{\boldsymbol{x}} \newcommand{\by}{\boldsymbol{y}} \newcommand{\bz}{\boldsymbol{z}} \newcommand{\bu}{\boldsymbol{u}} \newcommand{\bv}{\boldsymbol{v}} \newcommand{\bw}{\boldsymbol{w}} \newcommand{\bp}{\boldsymbol{p}} \newcommand{\bq}{\boldsymbol{q}} \newcommand{\br}{\boldsymbol{r}} \renewcommand{\bi}{\boldsymbol{i}} \renewcommand{\bj}{\boldsymbol{j}} \renewcommand{\bk}{\boldsymbol{k}} \renewcommand{\ba}{\boldsymbol{a}} \renewcommand{\bb}{\boldsymbol{b}} \newcommand{\bc}{\boldsymbol{c}} \newcommand{\bh}{\boldsymbol{h}} \newcommand{\bA}{\boldsymbol{A}} \newcommand{\bB}{\boldsymbol{B}} \newcommand{\bC}{\boldsymbol{C}} \newcommand{\definedas}{\equiv} \newcommand{\half}{\frac{1}{2}} \newcommand{\bsigma}{\boldsymbol \sigma} \newcommand{\rectangle}{{% \ooalign{$\sqsubset\mkern3mu$\cr$\mkern3mu\sqsupset$\cr}% }} \newcommand{\Rectangle}{\sqsubset\!\sqsupset} \newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left|\,#1\,\right|} \)

Section 4: